The Neurosurgeon's Methods Dance
Students: No blog homework is due for the next class, but if you want to get a jump start on the blog homework for the following week, then review these lyrics and then respond in these two ways:
1. The song (music to be added later) provides a creative adaptation of course material, and an informational skeleton that you will add flesh to. Elaborate on each of the neuro pioneers identified in the lyrics.
2. Elaborate and flesh out with more detail, each of the neuro-imaging techniques alluded to in the lyrics.
this in the comments section, and you're good to go.
The Neurosurgeon’s Methods Dance
By Dr Bruce L. Thiessen, aka BLT copyright 2010
They used to slice the brain all up
To find out brainy, research stuff
Old Sperry didn’t spare a brain
He needed lesions for his game
He made himself a wondrous name
but all their losses were his gain
and now we’re so much more advanced
so join our neurosurgeon’s dance
That’s now reserved for mice and men
Already damaged, on the mend
They say hey, stimulate instead
Directly stimulate the head
T’was pioneered by Penfield too
A great Canadian, t’was imbued
With neurosurgeon skills so deft
He’d stimulate the right and left
The patients in his surgery
Stayed conscious in emergency
A little local that is all
To numb the head and it involved
The application of a shock
To brains exposed and on the block
The regions triggered?
Very small
And barely noticed, if at all
He’d shock ‘em then
Asked them questions
Or have them share with “Pen,” their friend
Their thoughts and memories then and there
He’d analyze them and compare
Their words with others under knife
A dreamlike state is what it’s like
Could these reported thoughts and such
Be stuff of fantasy and fluff?
A feeble effort to construct
A pattern based on not enough
Of real thoughts and real states
Pen simply said, “I think it’s great!”
Regardless of the things they say
The value of “let’s stimulate”
Is in the way they’re localized
The functions of the brain realized
The kinds of knowledge stored in parts
Of neocortex torn apart
Let’s cheer the man we call “The Pen”
And ask not why, but what and when?
The neuroimaging technique
Intrigues me so, it’s so unique
The CT’s, MRI’s and PETS
Are pretty cool, way cool, you bet!
They all give pictures of the brain
So clear, and it’s hard to contain
The joy I’m feeling every time
I see an image of my mind
The different colors are a trip
Reflecting blood flow, there, that’s it
When blood gets oxygen it moves
The pictures cause me to be moved
They used to look at brains as dead
Just structures fixed inside the head
But these techniques bring it alive
The brain in action, actualized
And Tulving is the one we love
A pioneer of all this stuff
His look at memory inspired
A bunch of people to admire
The two types of our memories
The episodic and, you see
Semantic memory, yes, two types
Now never mind the pomp and hype
Just watch the different ways it flows
Where different types of memories go
Inject some junk inside the vein
That binds the oxygen contained
Inside the blood, that sticks like mud
There is a lag, and that’s a dud
But through these fancy things they do
We find a broader, cooler view
Our theories grow and stretch you know
According to these brains that glow
Electro-en-ceph-alograms
And ERPs are groovy, man
Two ways to look
Inside the brain
And and see the functions it contains
The first is primitive and crude
But ERPs are awesome, dude!
Momentary recent change
Is soooo detected in the brain
With ERPs that map the flow
Of currents ranging high and low
Semantic words---anomalies
Will be detected, yes, with these
An N4, for anomalies
And also for abnormalities
Like when you’re breakin’ grammar’s rules
An N4’s found with this great tool
Categories: neuropsychology of learning,brain dysfunction,cognitive psychology
Tags: neuropsychology of learning music and psychology brain dysfunction cognitive psychology
Neuropsychology and adaptive teaching makes sense at the forth class now I know how the instructor is using his music is all about.
February 15, 2010The standard explanation of genetics explains that DNA provides the instructions to make RNA, and RNA creates proteins that control all cell activity. Recent research shows things aren't quite so simple.
How Epigenetics Works and DNA Methylation
Epigenetics includes anything affecting the genome not encoded in DNA itself. According to Dr. Jean-Pierre Issa at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in an interview with Sarah Holt for PBS' Nova series, only 10-20% of genes are active in any cell. This prevents genes of one cell type from being expressed in another. For example, the gene for eye color only expresses in the eyes, not the liver, skin or brain. Control of gene expression can be handled in different ways. Sometimes, small molecules bind to DNA, changing its ability to give instructions. These molecules originate as proteins, protein complexes or small bits of RNA. For example, in times of drought, the body produces molecules to modify DNA and turn on or off genes that help it endure difficult circumstances.
Read more at Suite101: What is Epigenetics?: An Easy Explanation of Epigenetics and DNA HTTP://human genetics.suite.com/article.cfm/what_is_epigenetics#ixzz0ffEdIA5G
http://humangenetics.suite101.com/article.cfm/what_is_epigenetics#ixzz0ffEdIA5G
http://humangenetics.suite101.com/article.cfm/what_is_epigenetics#ixzz0ffEQSRq0
Since we have started studying epigenetics I have not felt comfortable. I thought that my reflection merited space on the blog of Dr. B.L.T. When Oppenheimer split the atom the clinical and lay literature states that he never intended that his discovery would be used to create the atom bomb. The field of epigenetics, the methylation of DNA that produces RNA that affects the turning on and off of a genome’s potential is profound discovery and has the potential for unbelievable torture and abuse in the hands of a politician filled with a strange concept of humanity. Hitler started out as a soup kitchen vendor on the streets of Germany, a soup kitchen today is smiled upon as a piece of benevolent social work. As Americans we are responsible for training some of the dictators who defected the United States such as Osama Bin Laden and now we have been infiltrated by terrorism. Epigenetics in the hands of scientist/politician/megalomaniac is not impossible. God help us all! Does anyone know of the twin studies done by the Nazi doctor? How could Reagan forgive all the Nazis? Does anyone try to wrap their minds around eugenics?
he changed dark eyed Jews into blue eyed Aryans. When I meet someone who is basking in too much talent, I cringe with fear for the admiration of blatant narcissism; my background in music is not one that could give proper commentary that could be of any merit to a true musician other than to say something out of fear..
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that I might not get a good grade if I did not admire his fame and connections.
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Josef Mengele
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Dr. Josef Mengele
March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979 (aged 67)
Place of birth Günzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria
Place of death Bertioga, Brazil
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branch Schutzstaffel
Rank Hauptsturmführer, SS
Battles/wars World War II
Awards Iron Cross First Class
Black Badge for the Wounded
Medal for the Care of the German People
Other work Notorious for medical experiments he performed on prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp.
Dr. Josef Mengele German pronunciation: [jozef meŋeːlɘ] (16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979) was a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. He earned doctorates in anthropology from Munich University and in medicine from Frankfurt University. He gained notoriety for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced laborer, and for performing human experiments on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the "Angel of Death" or "Beautiful Devil".
In 1940, he was placed in the reserve medical corps, following which he served with the 5th SS Panzergrenadier Division Wiking in the Eastern Front. In 1942, he was wounded at the Russian front and was pronounced medically unfit for combat, and was then promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain) for saving the lives of two German soldiers. He survived the war, and after a period living incognito in Germany he fled to South America, where he became one of the most hunted of Nazi war criminals.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Early life
• 2 Military Service
• 3 Auschwitz
o 3.1 Human experimentation
• 4 After Auschwitz
• 5 Mengele in South America
• 6 Manhunt for Mengele
• 7 In the 21st century
• 8 See also
• 9 References
• 10 Further reading
• 11 External links
Early life
Josef Mengele was born on 16 March 1911, the eldest of 3 children,[1] to Karl and Walburga Mengele in Gunzburg, Bavaria, Germany. Mengele's father was a founder of Karl Mengele farm machinery for milling, sawing and baling, which produces major farm machinery under the name Karl Mengele & Sons.[2] In 1935, Mengele earned a Ph.D in anthroplogy from the University of Munich. In January 1937, at the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, he became the assistant to Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer who was a leading scientist mostly known for his research in genetics with a particular interest with twins. From this association, Mengele probably developed his life-long fascination with the study of twins.
Military Service
In 1937, Mengele joined the Nazi party, and in 1938 he received his medical degree and joined the Schutzstaffel
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where he distinguished himself as a soldier. In June of 1941 he was awarded the "Iron Cross Second Class" for his efforts at the Ukrainian Front. In January of 1942, while serving with the SS Viking Division deep behind Soviet lines, he pulled two German soldiers from a burning tank, and was awarded the "Iron Cross First Class" as well as the "Black Badge for the Wounded and the Medal for the Care of the German People." Mengele was wounded during this campaign and since he couldn't return to combat was posted at the Race and Resettlement Office in Berlin. During this time he resumed an association with his mentor, von Verschuer, who was at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institue for Anthropology, Human Genetics, and Eugenics in Berlin. Just prior to his transfer to Auschwitz, Mengele was promoted to the rank of SS captain in April of 1943.[3] [4][5]
Auschwitz
In May of 1943, Mengele replaced another doctor who had fallen ill at the Nazi extermination camp Birkenau. On May 24, 1943, he became medical officer of Auschwitz-Birkenau's "Gypsy camp". In August 1944, this camp was liquidated and all its inmates gassed. Subsequently Mengele became Chief Medical Officer of the main infirmary camp at Birkenau. He was not, though, the Chief Medical Officer of Auschwitz — superior to him was SS-Standortarzt (garrison physician) Eduard Wirths.[6]
During his 21-month stay at Auschwitz, Mengele earned the sobriquet "Angel of Death" for the cruelty he visited upon prisoners. Mengele was referred to as "der weisse Engel" ("the White Angel") by camp inmates because when he stood on the platform inspecting new arrivals and directing some to the right, some to the left, his white coat and white arms outstretched evoked the image of a white angel. Mengele took turns with the other SS physicians at Auschwitz in meeting incoming prisoners at the camp, where it was determined who would be retained for work and who would be sent to the gas chambers immediately.[7] In one instance, he drew a line on the wall of the children's block 150 centimeters (about 5 feet) from the floor, and sent those whose heads could not reach the line to the gas chamber. (Lifton, p. 346.)[8]
"He had a look that said 'I am the power,'" said one survivor. When it was reported that one block was infested with lice, Mengele gassed every single one of the 750 women assigned to it.[9]
Block 10 - Medical experimentation block in Auschwitz
Mengele used Auschwitz as an opportunity to continue his research on heredity, using inmates for human experimentation. He was particularly interested in identical twins; they would be selected and placed in special barracks. He also recruited Berthold Epstein, a Jewish pediatrician. As a doctor, Epstein proposed to Mengele a study into treatments of the disease called Noma that was noted for particularly affecting children from the camp.[10]
While the exact cause of Noma remains uncertain, it is now known that it has a higher occurrence in children suf
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Human experimentation
Block 10 - Medical experimentation block in Auschwitz
Mengele used Auschwitz as an opportunity to continue his research on heredity, using inmates for human experimentation. He was particularly interested in identical twins; they would be selected and placed in special barracks. He also recruited Berthold Epstein, a Jewish pediatrician. As a doctor, Epstein proposed to Mengele a study into treatments of the disease called Noma that was noted for particularly affecting children from the camp.[10]
While the exact cause of Noma remains uncertain, it is now known that it has a higher occurrence in children suffering from malnutrition and a lower immune system response. Many develop the disease shortly after contracting another illness such as measles or tuberculosis.[11]
Mengele took an interest in physical abnormalities discovered among the arrivals at the concentration camp. These included dwarfs, notably the Ovitz family - the children of a Romanian artist, of whom seven of the 10 members were dwarfs. Prior to their deportation, they toured in Eastern Europe as the Lilliput Troupe. Mengele often called them "my dwarf family"; to him they seemed to be the perfect expression of "the abnorm".[citation needed]
Mengele's experiments also included attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into children's eyes, various amputations of limbs and other brutal surgeries. Rena Gelissen's account of her time in Auschwitz details certain experiments performed on female prisoners around October 1943. Mengele would experiment on the chosen girls, performing sterilization and shock treatments. Most of the victims died, either due to the experiments or later infections. According to a website, "Once Mengele's assistant rounded up 14 pairs of Roma twins during the night. Mengele placed them on his polished marble dissection table and put them to sleep. He then injected chloroform into their hearts, killing them instantly. Mengele then began dissecting and meticulously noting each and every piece of the twins' bodies."[8]
At Auschwitz, Mengele did a number of twin studies. After the experiment was over, these twins were usually murdered and their bodies dissected. He supervised an operation by which two Romanie children were sewn together to create conjoined twins; the hands of the children became badly infected where the veins had been resected, this also caused gangrene.[8]
The subjects of Mengele's research were better fed and housed than ordinary prisoners and were, for the time being, safe from the gas chambers.[12] When visiting his child subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets. Some survivors remember that despite his grim acts, he was also called "Mengele the protector".[13]
The book Children of the Flames, by Lucette Matalon Lagnado and Shiela Cohn Dekel, chronicles Mengele's medical experimental activities on approximately 3,000 twins who passed through the Auschwitz death camp...
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Mengele's experiments also included attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into children's eyes, various amputations of limbs and other brutal surgeries. Rena Gelissen's account of her time in Auschwitz details certain experiments performed on female prisoners around October 1943. Mengele would experiment on the chosen girls, performing sterilization and shock treatments. Most of the victims died, either due to the experiments or later infections. According to a website, "Once Mengele's assistant rounded up 14 pairs of Roma twins during the night. Mengele placed them on his polished marble dissection table and put them to sleep. He then injected chloroform into their hearts, killing them instantly. Mengele then began dissecting and meticulously noting each and every piece of the twins' bodies."[8]
At Auschwitz, Mengele did a number of twin studies. After the experiment was over, these twins were usually murdered and their bodies dissected. He supervised an operation by which two Romanie children were sewn together to create conjoined twins; the hands of the children became badly infected where the veins had been resected, this also caused gangrene.[8]
The subjects of Mengele's research were better fed and housed than ordinary prisoners and were, for the time being, safe from the gas chambers.[12] When visiting his child subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets. Some survivors remember that despite his grim acts, he was also called "Mengele the protector".[13]
The book Children of the Flames, by Lucette Matalon Lagnado and Shiela Cohn Dekel, chronicles Mengele's medical experimental activities on approximately 3,000 twins who passed through the Auschwitz death camp during World War II until its liberation at the end of the war. Only 100 pairs of twins survived;[14] 60 years later, they came forward about the special privileges they were given in Auschwitz owing to Mengele's interest in twins, and how as a result they have suffered, as the children who survived his medical experiments and injections.[8]
Auschwitz prisoner Alex Dekel has said: "I have never accepted the fact that Mengele himself believed he was doing serious work — not from the slipshod way he went about it. He was only exercising his power. Mengele ran a butcher shop — major surgeries were performed without anesthesia. Once, I witnessed a stomach operation — Mengele was removing pieces from the stomach, but without any anesthetic. Another time, it was a heart that was removed, again, without anesthesia. It was horrifying. Mengele was a doctor who became mad because of the power he was given. Nobody ever questioned him — why did this one die? Why did that one perish? The patients did not count. He professed to do what he did in the name of science, but it was a madness on his part."[15]
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After Auschwitz
The SS abandoned the Auschwitz camp on January 27, 1945, and Mengele transferred to Groß Rosen camp in Lower Silesia, again working as camp physician. Groß Rosen was dissolved at the end of February when the Red Army was close to taking it.[16] Mengele worked in other camps for a short time and, on May 2, joined a Wehrmacht medical unit led by Hans Otto Kahler, his former colleague at the Institute of Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Bohemia. The unit hurried west to avoid being captured by the Soviets and were taken as POWs by the Americans. Mengele, initially registered under his own name, was released in June 1945 with papers giving his name as "Fritz Hollmann". From July 1945 until May 1949, he worked as a farmhand in a small village near Rosenheim, Bavaria, staying in contact with his wife and his old friend Hans Sedlmeier, who arranged Mengele's escape to Argentina via Innsbruck, Sterzing, Meran, and Genoa. Mengele may have been assisted by the ODESSA network.[17]
Mengele in South America
In Buenos Aires, Mengele at first worked in construction, but soon came in contact with influential Germans, who allowed him an affluent lifestyle in subsequent years. He also got to know other Nazis in Buenos Aires, such as Hans-Ulrich Rudel and Adolf Eichmann. In 1955, he bought a 50 percent share of Fadro Farm, a pharmaceutical company; the same year, he divorced his wife, Irene. Three years later, he married Martha Mengele, the widow of his younger brother, Karl Jr.; she then went to Argentina with her 14-year-old son, Dieter. Mengele lived with his family in a German-owned boardinghouse in the Buenos Aires suburb of Vicente Lopez from 1958 to 1960.[18] While in Buenos Aires, Mengele practiced medicine, specializing in illegal abortions and was briefly detained by police on one occasion for the death of a patient during an abortion.[19]
Mengele's home in Hohenhau, Paraguay
He was doing well in South America, yet Mengele feared being captured, especially after news of Eichmann's capture and subsequent trial were revealed. Thus, he left Argentina in 1962 and moved to Paraguay after managing to get a Paraguayan passport in the name of "José Mengele".[18]
Shortly after the capture of Eichmann in May 1960 by the Israeli Mossad, Mengele was spotted at his home. Agents of Mossad debated whether or not to also kidnap him. However, they still had Eichmann in a safe house inside Argentina, and determined that it would not be possible to conduct another operation at the same time. By the time Eichmann had been brought out of the country, Mengele had escaped to Paraguay.[20]
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Mengele was a secondary objective of this operation, but was never found.
Isser Harel, Chief Executive of the Secret Services of Israel (1952-1963), personally presided over the successful effort to capture Eichmann in Buenos Aires. In his account of the operation, he reports no sightings of Mengele in 1960, but feels that they might have gotten him if they could have moved more quickly. When asked about the secondary target by the co-pilot who helped transport Eichmann at the time, he claims to have told him that "had it been possible to start the operation several weeks earlier, Mengele might also have been on the plane." They checked on the last known location for Mengele in Argentina, but he had apparently moved on just two weeks prior.[21]
Mengele hoped that Paraguay would be safer for him, as dictator Alfredo Stroessner was of German descent and even recruited former Nazis to help the country develop. Among other locations in Paraguay, he lived on the outskirts of Hohenau, a German colony north of Encarnación in the department of Itapúa. His anxiety, however, haunted him, especially after he heard of the Mossad's abduction of Eichmann and the trial and execution in Israel. Using the identity of "Peter Hochbichler", he crossed the border to Brazil in 1960 and lived in São Paulo with Austrian-born neo-Nazi Wolfgang Gerhard, who was a member of Hans-Ulrich Rudel's "Kameradenwerk".[citation needed]
According to a senior Mossad man, Israel had received reports that Mengele was in Brazil, but they kept this information to themselves. The Six-Day War in 1967 forced concentration of resources on addressing the Arab threat. But after the war, Israel decided to open an embassy in Asunción, Paraguay—perhaps an ideal base from which to pursue Mengele. But Benjamin Weiser Varon, Israeli ambassador from 1968-1972, was "not given any instructions by the foreign office on Mengele of any kind. It wasn't even mentioned."
In absence of a "Mengele policy," Varon's standard answer to tips coming in to the embassy about the fugitive remained that the Israeli government was not searching for Mengele; the Federal Republic of Germany was. His concerns he stated thus:
"I must confess I was not so eager to find Mengele. He presented a dilemma. Israel had less of a claim for his extradition than Germany. He was, after all, a German citizen who had committed his crimes in the name of the Third Reich. None of his victims was Israeli—Israel came into existence only several years later."[16]
The same year, Mengele moved to Nova Europa, about 200 km (120 mi) outside São Paulo, where he lived with Hungarian refugees Geza and Gitta Stammer, working as manager of their farm. In the seclusion of his Brazilian hideaway, Mengele became depressed, egomaniacal, and aggressive, always fearing capture. In 1974, when his relationship with the Stammer family was coming to an end, Rudel and Gerhard discussed relocating Mengele to Bolivia where he could spend time...
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with Klaus Barbie, but Mengele rejected this proposal. Instead, he lived in a bungalow in a suburb of São Paulo for the last years of his life. In 1977, his only son Rolf, never having known his father before, visited him there and found an unrepentant Nazi who claimed that he "had never personally harmed anyone in his whole life".[17]
Mengele's health had been deteriorating for years, and he died on February 7, 1979, in Bertioga, Brazil, where he accidentally drowned or possibly suffered a stroke while swimming in the sea. He was buried in Embu das Artes under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard", whose ID card he had used since 1976.[22]
Mengele showed little regret or remorse for his crimes, and expressed in a letter his astonishment and disgust over the remorseful position taken by Hitler's chief architect and Minister of Armaments, Albert Speer.[23]
In a 2008 book about Mengele, Argentine historian Jorge Camarasa speculated that Mengele, under the alias Rudolph Weiss, continued his human experimentation in South America and as a result of these experiments, a municipality in Brazil, Cândido Godói, has a very high birthrate of twin children: one in five pregnancies, with a substantial amount of the population looking Nordic.[24] His theory was rejected by Brazilian scientists who had studied twins living in the area; they suggested genetic factors within that community as a more likely explanation.[25]
Manhunt for Mengele
Mengele was listed on the Allies' list of war criminals as early as 1944. His name was mentioned in the Nuremberg trials several times, but Allied forces were convinced that Mengele was dead, which was also claimed by Irene and the family in Günzburg. In 1959, suspicions had grown that he was still alive, given his divorce from Irene in 1955 and his marriage to Martha in 1958. An arrest warrant was issued by the German authorities. Subsequently, German attorneys, such as Fritz Bauer, Israel's Mossad, and private investigators such as Simon Wiesenthal and Beate Klarsfeld followed the trail of the "Angel of Death". The last confirmed sightings of Mengele placed him in Paraguay, and it was believed that he was still hiding there, allegedly protected by flying ace Hans-Ulrich Rudel and possibly even by authoritarian President Alfredo Stroessner. Mengele sightings were reported all over the world, but they turned out to be false.
In 1985, the German police raided Hans Sedlmeier's house in Günzburg and seized address books, letters, and papers hinting at the grave in Embu. Mengele was exhumed on 6 June, 1985 and identified with high probability by forensic experts from UNICAMP. Rolf Mengele issued a statement saying that he "had no doubt it was the remains of his father".[17] Everything was kept quiet "to protect those who knew him in South America", Rolf said. In 1992, a DNA test confirmed Mengele's identity. He had evaded capture for 34 years.
After the exhumation, the São Paulo Institute for Forensic Medicine stored his remains
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and attempted to repatriate them to the remaining Mengele family members. The bones have remained in the custody of Dr. Rubens Maluf, owing to the family's refusal to accept them.[26]
In the 21st century
On September 17, 2007, the U.S. Holocaust Museum released photographs taken from a photo album of Auschwitz staff, which contained eight photographs of Mengele. These eight photos of Mengele are the first authenticated pictures of him at Auschwitz, USHM museum officials said.[27]
See also
* Nazi human experimentation
* Nazi eugenics
* Unit 731, Imperial; Japan biological and chemical warfare research unit, also notorious for their human experimentations
* Forgiving Dr. Mengele, a documentary film about one of Mengele's victims
* Angel of Death (song) A 1986 song by Thrash Metal band Slayer documenting Josef Mengele's acts.
* After the Truth
References
1. ^ Stefan Kanfer and Peter Carls. "The Life and Crimes of a Nazi Doctor". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20091148,00.html.
2. ^ "The Gunzburg Clan" Time, 24 June 1985
3. ^ "Josef Mengele". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007060. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
4. ^ http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/history/mengele/nazi_3.html
5. ^ http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/history/mengele/3b.html
6. ^ Eduard Wirths
7. ^ Essay by Robert Jay Lifton
8. ^ a b c d Bülow, Louis, Josef Mengele, Angel of Death, http://www.auschwitz.dk/Mengele.htm, retrieved 2008-12-16
9. ^ Mengele - The Final Account. [Documentary]. New York City, United States: History Channel. 2008-07-12.
10. ^ http://www.holocaust-history.org/lifton/LiftonT296.shtml Page 296-297
11. ^ German article at shoa.de
12. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (1993-09-01). Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1559702028.
13. ^ Lagnado, Lucette Matalon; Sheila Cohn Dekel (1991). Children of the Flames.
14. ^ http://www.longwood.k12.ny.us/lhs/science/mos/twins/mengele.html
15. ^ Dr. Josef Mengele, ruthless Nazi concentration camp doctor - The Crime Library on truTV.com
16. ^ a b Chicago Tribune Magazine "How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele cheated justice for 34 years" by Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, May 18, 1986.
17. ^ a b c Völklein, Ulrich (1999). Josef Mengele: Der Arzt von Auschwitz. Steidl. ISBN 3882436859.
18. ^ a b Harel, Isser (1975-06-02). The House on Garibaldi Street. Viking Press. pp. 194. ISBN 0670380288.
19. ^ Nathaniel C. Nash (1992-02-11). "Mengele an Abortionist, Argentine Files Suggest". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFDF1E39F932A25751C0A964958260&scp=1&sq=Mengele&st=nyt. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
20. ^ Israeli Mossad let Nazi Mengele get away
21. ^ [Harel, Isser (1975). The house on Garibaldi Street: the first full account of the capture of Adolf Eichmann. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-38
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Brain Dance
The opening verse in Dr. BLT’s “NMD” lyrics seem to refer to the work of Roger Sperry who was awarded a Nobel Prize for his findings involving the functional specialization of the cerebral hemisphere (split brain).
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/split-brain/background.html
In the second verse BLT mentions Penfield (Wilder Penfield) who was responsible for changing the way neuropsychological experiments were conducted. Instead of damaging a patient’s brain with lesions, Penfield used electrodes to stimulate specific regions of the brain by which he was able to map out the functions of each of its parts.The third and fourth verses go on to describe how Penfield conducted his experiments/surgery.
Then in the fifth verse it seems that BLT is saying that some of Penfield’s findings, like psychology itself, are subjective and not completely based on empirical evidence, but in the sixth verse BLT emphasizes the importance of Penfield’s work despite his critics.
http://christianhubert.com/writings/brain.html
In the short verse that seems like a chorus BLT mentions various neuroimaging techniques in abbreviated form; i.e. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
The next verse gives a somewhat psychedelic description of the utilization of the before mentioned neuroimaging methods. Another chorus like verse follows that alludes to the enlightenment of modern neuropsychological studies.
The next verse mentions Tulving (Dr. Endel Tulving), a Canadian neuroscientist who developed the theory of “encoding specificity”. Tulving introduced the idea that there exist different types of memories stored in the brain in varying ways. BLT mentions episodic memory, which involves recollection of past life experiences and semantic memory which involves the semantics of language; i.e. words and their meanings. I believe the verse that follows is alluding to the procedures involved in certain neuroimaging techniques.
http://www.rotman-baycrest.on.ca/index.php?section=219
http://www.enotes.com/gale-psychology-encyclopedia/semantic-memory
The Doc wraps up the lyrical content by pointing out the ERP’s superiority to the archaic EEG as neuroimaging techniques.
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The first person mentioned in “The Neurosurgeon’s Methods Dance” (NMD) is Roger Wolcott Sperry, who is well-known for his brain research during the 1960s, specifically “split brain experiments.” Originally, Sperry’s purpose in studying the brain was an attempt to determine if there was a treatment method for epilepsy. Most importantly, through his work, Sperry was able to distinguish the functions of the right and left hemispheres of the brain; as a result, it was now known that the cerebral hemispheres of the brain had distinct functions. In addition, Sperry received a Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981 for his great discovery.
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/split-brain/background.html
The next neuro pioneer that is included in the NMD lyrics is Wilder Penfield. Penfield was a brain surgeon that established the Montréal Neurological Institute in 1935 in order to study more about the human brain, specifically the possible diagnoses and treatment of brain disorders. Similar to Sperry, Penfield’s initial aim was to conduct research concerning epilepsy. Through his surgical work of the brain, Penfield provided more information about cognition, memory, sensation, and sensory and motor functions. Penfield’s method involved using local anesthetic on his patients in order for them to remain awake during the surgical process. Next, Penfield would expose the brain tissue and stimulate different sections of the brain while asking questions to the patient. Sources of memory, emotions, and dreams were determined. Penfield is recognized as the individual responsible for “mapping the brain” in which specific functions of different regions of the brain were identified that were previously unknown.
http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10211
On another note, the lyrics also include neuroimaging techniques, such as CTs, MRIs, and PETS, which are important tools relevant to the brain. CT (computed tomography) scans are also known as CAT scans, which are applicable in studying the brain, especially in determining if any brain injuries or disorders are present. CT scans are comprised of specialized x-ray machines along with computers, which provide more detailed images of the brain. http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=headct
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans are different in that no x-rays are used. Instead, a strong magnetic field, radio frequency pulses, and a computer are used to identify problems within the body or brain. Through MRI scans, images of the internal body, such as organs, tissue, and bone can be viewed with more detail, which is significant in looking for any areas of injury, disease, etc. http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=headmr
PET (positron emission tomography) scans are a form of nuclear medicine imaging. Individuals undergoing PET scans are given small doses of radioactive substances (e.g. radiotracer), which is injected, swallowed, or inhaled.
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The radioactive substance then changes into energy, specifically gamma rays within the body or brain (depends on the area of concern). From this, images on a computer show the structures as well as functions of activity within the brain or body (e.g. blood flow, oxygen). Also, PET scans have been used along with CT scans, which have provided better results. http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=PET
The last neuro pioneer mentioned in the NMD lyrics is Endel Tulving. Tulving was a researcher that focused on memory. Tulving is known for the concept of “encoding specificity principle.” The encoding specificity principle involves the storage and retrieval process of events within the memory system. Moreover, during the 1970s, many considered that there was only one type of memory, long-term memory. Tulving was the first to reject this idea, which led him to propose that there were two types of memory, semantic and episodic. Semantic memory can be described as the container of knowledge and facts, basically what one has acquired through learning. In contrast, episodic memory involves previous events and experiences, which are memories that we have formed.
http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=20&pg=1
ERPs vs. EEGs
I agree with Conrad in that ERPs (event-related brain potentials) are described as being better as well as more advanced than EEGs (electroencephalogram). ERPs are definitely cool in that brain activity can be measured simultaneously as an individual is involved in thinking (cognition).
http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/electroencephalogram-eeg-21508
http://brainlang.georgetown.edu/erplab.htm
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The Neurosurgeon’s Methods Dance/Cognitive Psychology/Cathy Lazarus
Sperry’s research involved severing the corpus callosum of epileptic patients in order to restrict communication of the hemispheres thereby isolating the seizures to one hemisphere only.
Penfield stimulated certain areas of the brain of conscious, locally anesthetized, patients in order to research which thoughts and memories were evoked by the stimulation of an electrical charge in the specific areas of the brain. These stimulated thoughts and memories were questionable however, as they were of a dreamlike nature and it was argued that they were not proven to have been genuine memories.
Tulving was a pioneer in neurocognition. He studied the dissociation of episodic memory (autobiographical knowledge)and semantic memory (general knowledge). He discovered memory impairment could be selective whereas episodic memory could be disrupted but semantic memory stay intact and visa versa. This pattern is called dissociation. Tulving’s further research also proved that information stored in long-term memory remains there permanently and is available but it is not always accessible, as it cannot be retrieved without the appropriate retrieval cues.
Tulving used computer-assisted detection of blood flow patterns in his patient’s brain by injecting them with an irradiated substance that bound to the oxygen in the blood. Other neuroimaging technologies include:
Computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which give clear pictures of the structure of a living brain.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan or functional MRI (fMRI) show regions of the brain with heightened neural activity, with different colors reflecting high or low levels of blood flow and oxygen uptake which depicts the brain in action hence they are called functional because they show the brain as it is functioning in performing some mental task. The advantage of these popular techniques is that they can be applied with minimal risk to normal people.
Electroencephalograms study brain wave patterns. In this technique, electrodes are placed on the person’s scalp and the device records the patterns of brain waves.
Event-related potentials (ERPs) show the monentary changes in electrical activity of the brain when a particular stimulus is presented to a person. Here the ERP recording of your brain can detect semantic anomalies, an electrically negative wave called N4 or N400. A semantic anomaly is the brain’s recognition of a word that does not fit properly in the context of a sentence. This recognition by the brain of an anomaly causes the ERP to record a marked change of one’s brain wave activity after reading the contextually incorrect word in a sentence.
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The song The Neurosurgeon's Methods Dance speaks of three pioneers of Neuroscience – Roger Sperry, Wilder Penfield, and Endel Tulving, as well as numerous technologies now available in neuroscience.
Roger W. Sperry was a noble prize winning scientist who conducted experiments on patients involving the corpus collosum. In these experiments Sperry would sever the connection between the right and left hemisphere of patients and as a result the roles of the two specific hemispheres were brought to light.
Wilder Penfield was a neurosurgeon who experimented with electrical impulses in the brain while patients were fully awake and under only local anesthetic. My applying electrical impulses to the brain and being able to ask the patients what they were experiencing, Penfield greatly expanded what was known about brain functioning and the specific areas of the brain. With this information he was able to begin building maps of the brains sensory and motor cortices.
Endel Tulving focused on the brains ability to store and retrieve information. His theory of encoding specificity indicated that people are able to pull information up from long term memory through the use of retrieval cues. Tulving’s work could be very helpful in working with students with test anxiety or study skills in the school as it could be utilized to teach children new techniques for recalling information during examination or better ways to study for easier recall. Tulving also outlined the concepts of episodic and semantic memory. Episodic memories are autobiographical, Semantic memories are related to meaning and understanding of concepts unrelated to specific events.
A CT Scan (Computerized Tomography Scan) is a combo if series of x-rays taken from different angels to show a slice by slice visualization of the area scanned.
MRI’s (Magnetic resonance imaging) use a mix of a magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer to create images of internal body structures. Does not use X-rays
PET Scans (Positron-emitting radionuclide Scans) are three dimensional images that are created through the use of radiation. The images show functional processes within the human body.
Electroencephalogram’s measure the activity from nerve cells in the brain and record them and are sometimes called “brain waves” due to the form.
Similarly, Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) collect EEG brainwave potentials in response to visual, auditory or somatosensory triggers.
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The first person/pioneer mentioned in the song is Roger Sperry. Sperrry and his colleagues carried out experiments in the 1960's that led him to being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981. He gained the award for his work regarding functional specialization of the brain hemispheres. He did what is referred to as split brain experiments, where the connection between the right and left hemishperes is interrupted in an attempt to study what area is responsible for different tasks.
Another pioneer and procedure discribed in the song lyrics are of Wilder Penfield, a highly respected brain surgeon who treated patients with severe epilepsy by destroying nerve cells in the brain where the seizures originated. Before operating, he stimulated the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious. This was done so he could see which area of the brain was responsible for the seizures.
Endel Tulving is also mentioned in the lyrics to the song. Tulving distinguished between two kinds of memory, episodic and semantic. According to Tulving, episodic memory is used to recall events we have personally experienced or witnessed, while semantic memory taps into mental stores of general facts and knowledge. Thus, episodic memory is more about remembering, and semantic memory is more about knowing.
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In the first verse of the song, the work of Roger W. Sperry is mentioned. According to the textbook (page 57-58), Sperry put together a surgical procedure for epileptics. In this operation he completely severed the corpus callosum to restrict communication between the two cerebral hemispheres and the epileptic seizure to just one side of the brain.
The second to seventh verses of the song discuss Wilder Penfield’s method of direct stimulation (pages 58-58 in textbook). In this technique the patient was conscious with just local anesthetic to block pain. Penfield shocked certain parts of the brain for a minute at a time that triggered small portions. The patient would then answer questions or report the thoughts and memories that he/she became aware of.
The eighth through tenth verses of the song brings up three neuroimaging techniques: computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and the Position Emission Tomography (PET). These techniques give clear pictures of the living brain.
E. Tulving is discussed in the eleventh to thirteenth verse of the song. Tulving wrote an article, according to the textbook (page 60) on the dissociation between the episodic and semantic memory. To come to the conclusion that the two memories are in fact separate, a computer assisted procedure was used. In this procedure the computer detected blood flow patterns in patients that had been injected with an irradiated substance that binds with oxygen in the blood.
In the last couple verses electroencephalograms are discussed. According to the text (page 61), in this technique, electrodes are placed on the patient scalp and brain waves are recorded. ERP’s are mentioned which is short for event-related potentials. ERP’s are the temporary changes in electrical activity of the brain when a stimulus is presented to the patient.
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The Song: The Neurosurgeon’s Methods Dance (elaborated on)
Part 1
Sperry experimented with hemisphere disconnection (severing the cerebral hemispheres of the brain) on clients with a history of advanced epilepsy. This experiment led Sperry to believe different areas of the brain specialize on different tasks, such as the left hand side being responsible for language.
Penfield treated patients with severe epilepsy by stimulating the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious to observe their responses, this way he could more accurately target the areas of the brain responsible. Using this technique he created maps of the brain these maps are still used today.
Endel Tulving worked with the functioning of human memory. He did experimental studies on encoding and retrieval of memories. He differentiated between episodic memory and semantic memory and developed a concept of multiple memory systems.
Part 2
CT scanning produces multiple cross-sectional images or pictures of the inside of the body.
MRI imaging uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures.
PET scans; involve injecting a very small dose of a radioactive chemical into the person so that it can be absorbed by the organs and tissues being studied. The PET scan detects and records the energy given off by the substance and, with the aid of a computer the energy is converted into 3-D pictures
An EEG records electrical activity generated by neurons in the brain.
ERPs are a non-invasive method of measuring brain activity during cognitive processing.
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One of the neuro pioneers mentioned in the lyrics of The Neurosurgeon’s Dance is Roger Sperry. Sperry is best known for his research on “split-brain” in which, along with his colleagues, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Split brain refers to a procedure where the corpus callosum is cut in order to treat symptoms of epilepsy. Sperry would study the reactions of patients who had the procedure to tasks known to be dependent on specific hemispheres of the brain thereby establishing the lateralized function of the brain. The next pioneer mentioned was Wilder Penfield, who is known for his work using neural stimulation. Along with his colleague, he invented the Montreal procedure where he destroyed nerve cells in the same location of the brain where epileptic patients experienced their seizure. From this work, he developed a way to stimulate the brain with electrical probes on a conscious patient and observe their responses in order to better determine the area of the brain to treat. This procedure allowed him to map the sensory and motor cortices of the brain and reduce the side-effects of the surgery on his patients. The last neuropioneer mentioned in the lyrics was Endel Tulving. Tulving focused his research on episodic memory, which is the memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated. He worked with a patient who had amnesia and had intact semantic memory( memory of meanings, understanding and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences) but no episodic memory. From his work with this patient he developed the theory of encoding specificity, which simply stated means that memories are linked to the context where they are created.
The neuro-imaging techniques alluded to in the lyrics of the song include Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The MRI monitors systematic activity of atoms in the presence of magnetic files and radio-wave impulses. It can show a three- dimensional view of the brain, serving as a diagnostic tool for brain abnormalities, such as tumors. A functional MRI allows for observation of brain function. The CT scan used X rays that are passes through the body at various angles and orientations. Tumors or injuries to the brain, as well as the structural bases for chronic behavior or psychological disorders can be seen by using CT scans. Lastly, PET involves radioactive substances that are ingested. Active brain areas eventually absorb the substance and the PET scanner can reveal distribution of the substance. This PET scan can show how various tasks like reading a book, affect different parts of the brain.
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